Question 1: Analysis of ID models: identify strengths and weaknesses

ADDIE Model

Strengths:

• Most widely used model and is the foundation for other ID models.
• It is flexible and can be used for traditional instruction and across many industries.
• Is most effective when testing for easily measurable criteria.
• Allows for collaboration at each level and at any and every stage.
• Evaluation is a key component built into ADDIE.
• Structured guidance for design.

Weaknesses:

• You can’t get to the next phase without addressing the one before it.
• It is time consuming and costly.
• Because the process is so detailed, it sometimes deters the creative process.

Dick and Carey Model

Strengths:

• Provides detailed step-by-step processes that could easily be followed.
• It is very helpful for novice instructional designers to understand the details regarding the principles of the systemic approach to instructional design.

Weakness:

• It is based on the premise that every one of its components are essential, and therefore none can be skipped.

Waterfall Model

Strengths:

• Ideal for supporting less experienced project teams.
• Orderly sequence of steps and strict control ensures quality, reliability and maintainability of developed system.
• Progress is measurable.

Weaknesses:

• Inflexible, slow, costly.
• Problems not identified until testing.
• Difficult to respond to changes.
• Depends on early identification and specification of requirements, yet users may not be able to clearly define them.

Hannafin-Peck Model

Strengths:

• Ideal for all experience levels
• Improves the quality and consistency of eLearning experiences
• Allows you to evaluate your eLearning course as you go along

Eclectic ID Model

Strengths:

• Can be useful to match the characteristics of more students with at least one of the teaching styles.
• Does not restrict to one perspective so allows new ideas to be formed.
• Different approaches are useful for teaching various aspects a wide variety of ideas and skills.
• Combining methods is a useful way of validating ideas.
• The strengths of one method can be used to offset the weaknesses of another.

Weaknesses:

• Without grabbing to one approach, curriculum choices and overall directions can be confusing and overwhelming.
• There may be gaps in learning, if you are frequently switching curriculum.
• This approach can lack disciplined learning and allow for laziness.

Rapid Prototyping

Strengths:

• Encourages designers to feel confident about stepping outside their creativity confines to dream up innovative ways to present content.
• Enhances communication between different stakeholders.
• It is flexible, fast, and effective.
• It establishes expectations early on in the project and lets clients preview the course very early on.
• It is a resource-efficient process and prevent wastage of effort.

Weaknesses:

• Can lead to a design-by-repair philosophy, which is only an excuse for lack of discipline.
• Does not eliminate the need for front-end analysis. It cannot help if the situation is not amenable to instructional design.
• There may be many instructional design problems which are not addressed by prototyping.
• May lead to premature commitment to a design if it is not remembered that a design is only a hypothesis.

SAM Model

Strengths:

• It is less linear and more “true to life” when considering the building of a learning or training course
• It considers various points of views allowing for the consideration of options that could improve the learning or training experience
• Uses iterations-small steps during the development process which makes room for evaluations and necessary changes as needed
• The goal is to find out where energy and resources should be placed immediately in order to create projects/material that can be used at once
• Very collaborative/teamwork based

Weaknesses:

• The idea that mistakes are “inevitable” may result in overlooking potential issues in a project
• Doesn’t acknowledge and account for risk in relation to the effectiveness of a project in comparison to other instructional design models
• One must consider a variety of input which can lead to less cohesiveness if not monitored correctly
• There is a need for a considerable amount of collaboration to ensure the cohesiveness of the project

SAMR Model

Strengths:

• Easy to follow steps that provide great examples of how to scaffold the integration of technology into teaching and learning.
• Helps teachers brainstorm new ways to integrate technology into the classroom hence, gives technology a purpose. Instead of technology being the learning outcome, SAMR allows for educators to use technology as a tool to achieve a specific learning outcome. 

Weaknesses:

• The general idea that each level is better than the last. This causes educators to feel they must constantly be moving up the levels no matter what they are teaching or the learning outcome they are aiming for. Because of this mindset, some levels are skipped or overlooked when they are in fact the best method to be used for the specific situation.

ASSURE Model

Strengths:

• It incorporates media in its delivery process. Ensuring the learning of a learner to be interactive
• It has an easy logical structure but still influential. The structure on other models can be obscured to the trainer and can hinder the learning process for the learner
• It is learner centered. the Trainer can focus on the learners needs by knowing the learner and their abilities.

Weaknesses:

• It is limited to its purpose or use. The structure of this model is such that it would needs to stay true throughout the learning steps.
• Mainly teacher friendly or resourceful.
• The analysis step in the ASSURE model when referenced to the ADDIE Model can be seen a deficient. When comparing two models , the ASSURE model attacks the learning to a learner in a different direction other then placing much emphasis in the analysis step.  

Question 2: Conclude what is needed for a contemporary Malaysian instructional media use and acceptance.

Based on the analysis on the strengths and weaknesses of each ID Model, it could be concluded that an ID Model for a contemporary Malaysian instructional media use and acceptance should consist of five steps as summarized in the above image.

Step 1: Assessment

Assessment is conducted to assess the gaps and needs as well as identify the specific goals of e-learning. Assessment should also look into the readily available of technology, resources and current performance.

Step 2: Analysis

Analysis on the learners and context covers the environment, instructors, knowledge, attitude and skills.

Step 3: Development

Four aspects need to be developed; objectives, assessments, strategy and instructional materials

Step 4: Implementation

The course is released/rolled-out, delivered to the learners and its impact is monitored.

Step 5: Evaluate & Revise

Is the course providing the expected results? The impact of the course is evaluated based on learners’ feedback, surveys, and even analytics.